Industrialization and Language in India
Authors
Published
Journal of Human Resources,
January (1st Quarter/Winter)
2014
Abstract
Bilingualism is a distinct and important form of human capital in linguistically diverse countries. When communication among workers increases productivity, there can be economic incentives to learn a second language. I study how the growth of industrial employment increased bilingualism in India between 1931 and 1961. Indian factories were linguistically mixed. I exploit industrial clustering and sectoral demand growth for identification. The effect on bilingualism was strongest in import-competing districts and among local linguistic minorities. Bilingualism was mainly the result of learning, rather than than migration or assimilation, and was not a by-product of becoming literate. My results shed new light on human capital investment in developing economies and on the long-run evolution of languages and cultures.
